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THE PRINCEby Nicolo MachiavelliWritten c。 1505； published 1515translated by W。 K。 MarriottCHAPTER IHOW MANY KINDS OF PRINCIPALITIES THERE ARE； AND BY WHAT MEANS THEY AREACQUIREDALL STATES； all powers； that have held and hold rule over men have beenand are either republics or principalities。Principalities are either hereditary； in which the family has been longestablished； or they are new。The new are either entirely new； as was Milan to Francesco Sforza； orthey are； as it were； members annexed to the hereditary state of theprince ； as was the kingdom of Naples to that ofthe King of Spain。Such dominions thus acquired are either accustomed to live under aprince； or to live in freedom； and are acquired either by the arms ofthe prince himself； or of others； or else by fortune or by ability。CHAPTER IICONCERNING HEREDITARY PRINCIPALITIESI WILL leave out all discussion on republics； inasmuch as in anotherplace I have written of them at length； ＇1＇ and will address myself onlyto principalities。 In doing so I will keep to the order indicated above；and discuss how such principalities are to be ruled and preserved。I say at once there are fewer difficulties in holding hereditary states；and those long accustomed to the family of their prince； than new ones；for it is sufficient only not to transgress the customs of hisancestors； and to